Sargaĺk Possession

Attributive possession in Sargaĺk has a few small complications:

• the possessor is in the pegative-genitive case
• if the possessum is in a locative case or the comitative cases, it remains in those cases
• if the possessum is in the pegative case, it remains in the pegative case
• if the possessum is in the nominative case, it will turn into the comitative or the familiar comitative case.

There are two basic ways of expressing "X has Y". The first, and most common with animate nouns has the following structure:

subj.peg₁ pronoun.nom₂ object.nom₂ is

Thus, the owner is the subject, and the possessum is represented by a personal pronoun (agreeing in gender with the possesssum), and a noun phrase, the direct object, that is the possessum itself.

Sometimes, the pronoun agrees with the subject, and most speakers seem to grasp this as meaning the same thing.

This is probably analogous to how the ergative in many languages can be used in constructions along the lines of

noun₁.erg noun₂ is

for meanings along the lines of noun₁ has noun₂. The extra pronoun serves to make it ditransitive and thus license the use of the pegative case. 

The other construction uses a dedicated verb, k'ir-. This is common with inanimate nouns, abstract nouns, and with an adjective for object, it expresses some command over a quality - an ability to control or use a quality.

Xivar c'oman k'ir : Xivar has a lot of endurance

Beyond this, k'ir in combination with an infinitive expresses ability:

Osini falməs k'ir-m
Osini read has.fem
Osini knows how to read

Literacy is very unusual in Sargaĺk villages, and so Osini would typically function as the village's record keeper and in an almost semi-diplomatic fashion when interacting with Ćwarmin and later Bryatesle-Dairwueh officials.

Detail #19: Instrumentals and Possessives

Many languages express X has Y somewhat along the lines of With X is Y. What case or adposition appears with X is language-specific, and can be locative or comitative or anything. Both Finnish and Russian use (mainly) locative expressions.

Some languages mark the object as some kind of oblique, though. English has a phrase that is somewhat similar to it:

She is with child.

Now, that is a rather special case, but illustrates the kind of marking I am discussing here. wals.info informs that this type of construction actually appears. Personally, I find some kind of instrumental marking to be very suitable for this (except maybe in certain specific types of phrases or under some circumstances - restricting this to non-human objects seems rather reasonable, for one, or some similar cultural restriction).

is.1sg  cup.instr - "I have a/the cup"

is.3pl dogs.instr = "they have dogs"

Furthermore, I find it reasonable that the instrumental case could be the case marking for any possessed noun -  the instrumental case doubling as head marking in possessive constructions. Why instrumental? Well, there seems to be a vague correlation between using a thing as a tool and owning it.

The idea by which it becomes evident that I am a one-trick pony is this: reflexive possession of objects marked by the noun object being marked by the instrumental case.

He drive.past.3sg car.instr = he drove his own car

He drive.past.3sg car.acc = he drove a/the car 

Alternatively, the distinction could work like this:

He drive.past.3sg his car.instr = he drove his own car

EDIT: reading through the earlier posts, seems this is fairly close to another post in content. Meh. It is an ok rephrasing that may be easier to understand for people not that familiar with ergativity and such. Well, I will leave it behind and try to avoid similar embarrassment in the future.

He drive.past.3sg his car.acc = he drove his (someone else's) car

Detail #1: a possessive and a causative structure

In some language,
"nom₁ has an adjective nom₂" turns out

[nom₁] [verbalized adjective] [nom_2, oblique object]

whereas "nom₁ makes nom₂ adjective" turns out as

[nom₁] [verbalized adjective] [nom_2, direct object]

The marking as direct object or oblique object may be obtained by some kind of adposition if the language is primarily isolating (in which case I'd suggest the oblique object be the only one marked at all), and in a more inflecting or agglutinating language, an accusative or somesuch would probably fit the bill fairly well.