Thursday, December 26, 2013

Detail #69: A detail regarding comparative and superlative adjectives

I am generally somewhat cautious about including comparatives and superlatives in non-European languages (granted, there's no one-to-one correspondence between languages that have them and Indo-European languages, neither one way or the other), and I generally advise against their inclusion in conlangs.

However, let's assume a conlang having at least two, possibly all three of these. Let's add a few features:

There's significantly fewer comparatives and superlatives than positives.
Now, that's not particularly weird by itself - some adjectives' comparative and superlative forms nearly never get used in a literal sense, and some probably lack both reasonable literal and figurative senses. Examples of those lacking a reasonable literal sense are deader, deadest, and more alive, most alive. 

There's no morphological correlation between regular adjectives and comparatives.
Now, to get this weirder, let us just make the "lexical resolution" of comparatives and superlatives less than that of regular adjectives: handsome, stylish, good-looking, pretty, beautiful, all correlate to two comparatives with a slight meaning-difference between them; difficult, heavy, wearisome, tragic, taxing, all are represented by one particular comparative. There need not be any direct similarity between any of the positive adjectives and the comparative adjective they're associated with.

The comparative form is a comparative form mainly on account of its use - it can be used in comparative constructions in ways that a positive adjective cannot, and of its meaning - the meaning actually is 'has more of the quality of this class of qualities than the other referent in the construction'.

For the superlatives, the system might be somewhat different. I am inclined to entirely drop those, but having most adjectives have distinct (and morphologically predictable) superlatives - even the comparative lexemes would have them - might be somewhat interesting. Finally, I think the superlatives would be more likely to be used as intensifiers, whereas the comparative is more clearly restricted to comparative constructions.


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