Showing posts with label dummy objects. Show all posts
Showing posts with label dummy objects. Show all posts

Wednesday, January 9, 2013

Detail #23: Conjunctions with dummy pronouns

This idea has some similarities to this old post, but with quite a different locus of marking and even basically a different function altogether: this time, conjunctions no longer serve to mark the relation between two verb phrases (or even two nouns, by way of implicitly coordinated verb phrases), but marks something about a single verb phrase or noun phrase.

In some language, (I would especially like it in one where conjunctions are followed by an oblique case along the line of what English does, only with non-pronouns as well - alternatively, case marking is sensitive to context), there could be a commonly used construction with dummies carrying grammatical information about the VP or NP in which they occur, so, for instance,

A bit like if "... and shit" was grammaticalized, but for a more wide range of meanings: TAM, case/adposition-like things, adjectival things for nouns, indefinite determiners and quantifying expressions, ... some other expressions could be formed likewise with and + noun.
(obviative) it and (obviative) it : some 
 ran around and it.obl : ran around intently, ran around (perfective)
stone and them : stones (if the language lacks, say, morphological plural for inanimates or somesuch)
bean and it: some beans (with uncountable nouns, to express large quantity) 
we thought and at it (locative case of some kind) : we considered, but did not reach a conclusion
 we thought and in it (locative case of some other kind): we considered carefully
we thought and it.acc : we concluded
we traveled the land and it.acc: we passed through the land
This would probably go at the end of the vp?
Examples with nouns instead of dummies:
bean and bag : a bagful of beans
 fish and net: a catch of fish
water and pitcher: a pitcherful of water
To obtain the meaning "and" usually would entail would require reversing the order of the nouns:
net and fish: some/a fish and a/some nets
bag and bean: a bag and some beans
 ...
Over time, the conjunction easily could turn into an affix, and sound changes could obscure the relation to the conjunction.

Monday, November 12, 2012

Short sketch #3: Dummy objects

Imagine a language where verbs are made more 'intensive' by adding an object of some kind.

Giving glosses, where "dummy" stands for "some dummy of some kind"
hear.2pl   = we (do) hear 
hear.2pl   it.acc = we listen 
hear.2pl   dummy.acc = (thisnoise is annoying us

However, when introducing a real semantic object, this language does not permit the dummy to be the same case as the real object, and demotes it to some other case:
*hear.2pl throbbing gristle.acc dummy*.acc   ----> hear.2pl throbbing gristle.acc dummy.dat 
The same process repeats when an indirect object is added, etc. Different dummy cases have different hierarchies and will be demoted along different paths.

Sometimes, a dummy is repeated in different spots to increase the intensity:

rain.3.sg.  =  it rains
rain.3.sg it.acc = lit. "it rains it", ~it rains intensely
rain.3.sg it.acc it.instr = lit "it rains it with it", ~it's pouring down
rain.3.sg it.acc it.instr it.comitative = it rains it with it and it too, ~this rivals the deluge.
it.nom rain.3.sg. it.acc = the subject dummy probably works to make the rain somewhat more specific, such as "right now, right here, it rains intensely". In combination with a previously established location or timeframe or both being somewhat topical, it would be more likely to pertain to that location or time or both.

As for describing persons, adding such objects could be used both for positive or negative effects:
play (pertaining to instrument).3sg dummy.acc = he/she plays (his/her instrument) intensely well.
 give.3.sg dummy1.dat = put out
give.3sg dummy2.dat = he/she is slutty; the verb is only interpreted as referring to sex when with a dummy dative.

These dummies originate as nouns, often specifically differently strong profanities. This idea occured to me after I heard my brother use "satan" - a common Swedish curse word - as an intensifying particle after 'basa' (to emit bass tones), as in "an basar satan" to describe the volume of the bass sound emitting from an amplifier and its speakers.