The Ćwarmin verb morphology, as previously stated, has a bunch of derived nouns (and adjectives) which might somewhat approach gerunds and participles in use and meaning.
Among these we find -abtil which is a somewhat irrealis participle/gerund.
X.nom verbs (Y.acc) → X.gen (Y.gen) verb-abtil-poss.suff(agrees in num/person with subj)
The protatis in conditional sentences are often expressed using it, thus 'if he sent it yesterday, it should arrive today' → his send.abtil yesterday, it arrives today.
Another commonly used one is -ećel, a gerund signifying mandatory actions. It inflects for a few cases, but not the nominative complement.
The main bulk of commonly appearing infinitive verbs in Ćwarmin, however, is the infinitive itself. For some verbs, the infinitive is identical to the verb stem, but a bunch have some changes happen, compare these verb pairs:
to bring: stem: eləp-, infinitive: eləp
to swim: stem: eləp-, infinitive: eleft
to run: stem: tral-, infinitive: tral
to pass on a message: trajk-, infinitive: tral
Most auxiliary verbs take the infinitive. Some pseudo-auxiliaries take the infinitive inflected in the accusative case.
In combination with case endings, it can be used for a variety of constructions.
When definite, with all cases, the infinitive basically serves as a gerund in that case. The instrumental also can work as a gerund despite not distinguishing definiteness. The indefinite infinitive is a bit more interesting though, and a full overview of it, in combination with cases may be of some interest.:
Nominative
With the nominative, it can serve as subject or object of verbs. The gerund is sometimes used to emphasize such statements, both gerunds and infinitives are basically permitted in that position.
Subject Complement
The infinitive with subject complement marking basically encodes the immediate past when it is used as a predicate. If used as an attribute with a noun, it basically marks a regular active present/progressive participle. It can also mark actions that accompanied the main action, when used in a sentence that has a predicate.
Accusative
With the accusative, the infinitive can serve as:
- the main verb in a causative construction (with some auxiliary also present)
Object Complement
Several roles:
- when it is an attribute of a noun it basically serves the role of a passive participle
- as a complement of certain auxiliary verbs
- describing the state of an object (i.e. 'see someone running' or things along those lines; here, certain verbs only permit for it to signify the state of the object ("have them running" as a result of the action, thus a kind of causative construction where the caused verb is not, notionally, "closely linked" to the causation, i.e. it's an indirect consequence), others require it to be a state the object was in regardless of the main verb)
Reflexively Possessed Accusative
- a construction similar to the ablative absolute in latin, except the subject is in the genitive
- both the functions of accusative and object complement but with regards to reflexively possessed objects
Genitive
Mainly a kind of semantically intensified version of the nominative and subject complement. Can also be used as an imperative.
Dative
Intended actions, certain moods can be marked with this but require some type of tense-marked auxiliary.
Negative
Certain kinds of negative ideas expressed: un-participling, un-participled, in-verbable. Also, negative imperative.
General Ablative
locative cases
Depending on how the spatiality of the verb is perceived by speakers, the locative-to cases can replace the datives with regards to intention. -from cases similarly express cessation or non-progressiveness at present. The -by cases express progressive aspect.
The on-cases can also be used to mark striving towards/to keep up/away from something, whereas the at-cases
Instrumental
Expresses manner by which something is done, but can also substitute for some of the nominative and subject complement uses.
Verbs do not combine with the comitatives.
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