Barxaw: Negation and Lexical Negatives

Barxaw - my main isolating conlang - permits double negation, and its negation generally follows the 'contradiction operator' ⊥. Its truth table is as follows:

⊥true = false
⊥false = false

The negative particles are different for different 'objects' of negation, verbs are negated by either xij (past telic), kim (non-past telic), kpà (past or non-past atelic) or án (non-existential). Entire previous sentences or even utterances by the same person by ŋían! Utterances, statements or proposals by another person elicit xiŋì or xwùá. Xiŋì can also be used as a negative imperative marker. Nouns can be negated by one out of the following, depending on noun class and other semantic considerations:

naù - a singular human (or similar) negated, both in existential-predicative, locative or as a negative indefinite determiner: teppé naù - (the god) Teppe is not here, teppé naù naù - (the god) Teppe does not exist, in lə delts naú - he is with no one, in naù kmtok - for him, there is no brother.

In Barxaw mythos, Teppe is a god whose existence is explicitly denied, and often appears in stories as what non-Barxa people pray to, seek help from or go to seek, but never find. Every Barxaw knows the real gods laugh at believers in Teppe. 

Those for other noun classes often cover about 3-4 classes each, and there is some overlap. Their syntactic use - both as predicates and determiners is similar to naù. 

These are íŋè (classes 1-3, 6), imáŋ (class 2, 4, 8), ŋaŋ (classes 3,4,5) and dìŋ (classes 4,5,1,7). 

Nouns and adpositions are not negated as complements - the verb is negated instead. Adjectives, however, can take xij, kpà or more generally àn (which, when used with adjectives, has no existential connotation). However, there is a number of adjectives that are considered semantically negative, and adding a negative particle to them only strengthens the meaning or specifies the aspectual-temporal meaning of the negation (i.e. xij would show that the hunger is a problem of the past) - ŋnì (hungry), inxu (sad), seóma (unable, incapable), tixwè (sick), kpùm (asleep), ancur (poor), enéx (weak), ámbec (unwashed, dirty). Negating these by adding a word is thus impossible, and antonyms have to be used. (mag - full, sated; ísep - happy, content; sèwap - capable, able; sudám - healthy, strong, doing ok; psir - awake, alert; èrmel - of sufficient means or indàa - rich, taŋèŋ - strong, ìdír - clean, pure, separate.