I came up with a few ideas:
- Use an adverb formed by clustering together a bunch of pronouns: to me-you-him-them (alternatively, with dative or whatever). Simple and has a certain attractiveness to it. There's a kind of obvious way it would have come about and been generalized for each instance of 'N# each'.
- Use a special form on the numbers. Four-distr. pound = four pounds each.
- The previous option could be made interesting - what if the -distr. form then is generalized to other things? Bread-distr. = bread for everyone! Fast-distr. = everyone speed up? Everyone is?|can be?| should be?|may be? fast.
- And, again, what if it went the other way? In some way, this could be seen as a very special kind of imperative, so an imperative affix on the numeral. The grammaticalization path would go from the very specific context of '(here, take) four' until every context is covered by it, included telling that each person got so and so many or are entitled so and so many somewhere.
- Some kind of fossilized imperative verbs along the lines of 'take an allotment of N' or 'allot N'. Maybe not even fossilized - they could still be distinguished between when you're the recipient or the distributing part.
- In a way, a modal verb form expressing permission easily could generalize to this kind of numerals?
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