Barxáw: Auxiliaries

Barxáw has auxiliaries. Some of them may be surprisingly specific in what they mean, and some of them behave in syntactically somewhat odd manners.

Let us first consider the most common syntactical pattern for auxiliaries in Barxáw. 

Noun_subj Aux Verb (Noun_obj) (Oblique arguments)

Some cause the main verb to be marked in some manner - a preposed é is not unusual. Considering this extra particle part of the aux would make sense, but some transformations show that é's location is relative to the main verb rather than to the aux.

A number of auxiliaries that follow this pattern are:

áɲ̟è - to be able to

t'íð -  to begin to

jùm (é) - to stop 

kìr (é) - to  do repeatedly or habitually

 err (é) - to stop due to some external factor (the external factor being preceded by the preposition cá if it is a noun, and the subordinating conjunction ísnu if it is a clause - the external factor need not be specified, however).

 génð [definite human subjects], gél [definite animate subjects], rrú (indefinite human subjects], bém [indefinite animate subjects], kádu [inanimate subjects] - explicitly perfective (also only used with transitives)

ðumú [human subjects], k'ipè [nonhuman subjects] - explicitly perfective (intransitive) 

Adjectival Auxiliaries
Some auxiliaries in Barxáw peculiarly enough distribute more like adjectives than like verbs.

q^húrro -  want to, desire to, hope to

cepá - attempt to, try to cause

azé - resume

c'arr -  refuse to

These are, at times, used like those given above. An interesting quirk is that these can also mark objects (but not obliques), signifying, for instance, that someone wants to be verbed - Séli kelað  q^húrro Joqù = Joqù wants Séli to help him. With azé, marking an object with it signifies returning to a certain object of the activity, whereas the activity itself may have been uninterrupted.
C'arr does never mark non-subjects.

These do not combine with other auxiliaries, and therefore may reasonably be considered auxiliaries in some sense.

Detail #18: Weird things to do with adverbs

In some languages where adjectives are verb-like, let adjective-verbs form auxiliaries that mark all kinds of manner. Even permit numbers to form auxiliaries that mark "to do n times", or "to do the n:th time" or "to do to N objects" (in effect extracting the number from the object NP to the VP).

When many adverbs are called for, some may remain chained with the main verb, and if several are highly salient they can be coordinated with a shared complement VP along these lines:

John quicks and carelesses stack[infinitive] the books

John carelesses stack the books and quick

John carelesses stack the books quick

John stacks the books, carelesses and quicks

If the adverbial has little to do with the subject, they may take a dummy subject:

John's house burned down, [dummy] unfortunates. 

Maybe a causative would be nice there?

[dummy] unfortunate.causative.3sg John's house burned down.

Would maybe work best in a language where infinitives can mark subject agreement? Alternatively, a language where there is some but rather sparse verb morphology, e.g. something along the system in standard Swedish with an explicitly marked present tense distinct from the infinitive.

As for numbers, some pronouns could also work:

I many.1sg have ideas - I have many ideas, "I profusely have ideas"

You howmany.2sg run laps? - You ran how many laps?

They how.3pl.past? - How did they do it?

 On the other hand, if done badly - without making a really thought-through morphosyntax here, it would easily end up a silly way of marking things in the wrong place.