Sargaĺk: Verbs with Different Complements in the Negative

Although Sargaĺk mainly does not have differential object marking, some verbs with oblique complements have a differential thing to them.

This post lists a few of them.

ĺirjar - remember, observe any religious tradition, contemplate
     pos: loc, neg: lat
rinjas - to reach (when extending oneself towards), to stand tall, to be esteemed (worthy of)
     pos: lat, neg: abl
jaĺgan - to be welcomed into a place or situation
     pos: lat, neg: abl
garjir - to ask permission to enter into somewhere
     pos: lat, neg: abl
gardan: to grant permission to enter into somewhere
     pos: lat, neg: abl (note: recipient of permission is in the accusative)

One verb has a rather peculiar feature, where which participant is the subject changes in the negative:

pidas - fit
In the positive, a thing₁ fits into (lative) a thing₂, or a person fits (his) bodypart into (lative) a thing₂.
In the negative, a thing₂ does not fit on (locative) a thing₁, or a thing does not fit on (locative) a person on a bodypart₁

 

Tatediem: Complements and Copulas and the First Hints of the TAM System

Tatediem does not have one verb that corresponds to English 'to be'. Instead, different strategies are used for different types of complements, and different types of distinctions can be found in those as well.

Adjectival predicates basically are given verbal inflections. Three verbal templates are commonly used with such predicates: Subj (Ind Obj) Voice STEM (Subj), Subj (Intensity) (Direction) (Manner) STEM, and Owner Subject (Direction) (Manner) STEM. There is one particular marker, -ére- that tends to go in the voice-slot that basically marks that the verb is a copula. The direction-marker can either be a zero morpheme or a translative marker -úli- (that shows acquiring the quality the verb-adjective encodes). For verbal adjectives, there are four manner-morphemes that often pop up:

-hak- appears to be

-run- pretends to be

-sib- strives to be 

-sok- is rumored to be 

For nominal predicates, it depends a bit on what type of noun we are dealing with:

Titles of authority tend to be objects of the verb sarwan, which means 'occupy, master, possess, have authority over, rule'. The manner slot of this verb is then -pel-, which in this case turns it into a slightly abstract sense. Thus, ruling a captain is nekoptan ----etensarwan, being a captain is nekoptan -----epelsarwan.

Family members and professions tend to have separate verb roots.

Being some more general noun is often expressed using the verb turw, with no object congruence and often no manner marker (although the four given for adjectival predicates above also do appear with turw). Direction also can have the translative -úli- marker to show turning into something.

Interestingly, -úli- is turning into an aspect marker (with hints of inceptive as well as progressive to it). Other markers in the voice and manner slots are also having a tendency towards aspect and tense marking, which means the tense-aspect marking system in Tatediem is not marked in any single spot in the verb morphology template.

Turw also is used for existential statements. Without any prefixes at all, turw also can be used as a confirming response, essentially 'yes'.

Detail #20: Complements and implicit case

A hierarchy-like thing where nouns, when operating as complements assume implicit case, so e.g.

I am town = I am in town

He becomes town = He goes to town 

This would probably interact with nouns and verbs in various complicated ways, and could possibly fit well with an isolating language, so I may include it in the isolating language I am planning. This differs from topic-comment in some ways, which I should probably explain in greater detail but this'll be enough for tonight.

Notice that this should only go for complements, and not for adverbs, in the language in question.