In addition to its active verb forms, Dairwueh also has passives. In the present indicative, it is formed by affixes, but in other tenses and moods it is formed by auxiliaries with participles, much as in English. This table has been inserted in the Dairwueh tables of morphology:
passive, present -ŋor -ŋor -ŋa -ŋ -ŋan -ŋan -ŋa Periphrastic Passive forms passive, neg. pres. erb- + passive neg participle passive, irrealis ŋey- + passive irrealis participle passive, past ŋe- + passive affirmative participle passive, neg. erb- + passive negative participle
The form given for the periphrastic verb form's auxiliary is given as the 3rd person II form, although each form of the corresponding row in the table below can be used depending on the person of the passive subject. However, the 3rd person II form can also be used with other person subjects under certain circumstances, such as
Beyond promoting the object to subject, the passive has a few other uses as well: some intransitive verbs can be passivized to mark lack of volition. Some intransitive verbs, such as shine, stand out - əkšat, appear to be - aruas, deserve - kivankan, sweat - unhən, guess - iltad only have passive forms.
Beyond promoting the object to subject, the passive has a few other uses as well: some intransitive verbs can be passivized to mark lack of volition. Some intransitive verbs, such as shine, stand out - əkšat, appear to be - aruas, deserve - kivankan, sweat - unhən, guess - iltad only have passive forms.
Finally, most verbs of emotion are passive, and have the "object" as an oblique form, e.g.
keŋa tsayŋor
him-instr hate-1sg.pass
I hate him
xovit eirŋor
you-dat love-1sg.pass
I love you
The copula (erb-, ger-, dir-)
The auxiliaries in the table are forms of the copula, which has not yet been described in any post. The copula is highly irregular, having lots of different stems popping up in rather different positions. In tabular form, we would have:
| 1sg | 2sg | 3sg | 3sgII | 1pl | 2pl | 3pl | |
| present indicative | bras | er | erbaŋ | erb | gan | guše | guni |
| present irrealis | ger | ger | giŋ | ŋey | gran | gras | gran |
| present negative | dir | divne | dirne | dirš | gruš(en) | gruš(en) | gruš(en) |
| past positive | gis | gerb | giŋ | ŋe | grad | grabe | gari |
| past negative | edirš | edirš | edirš | ediš | greyšin | greyšin | greyšin |
These are all the finite forms of the copula in Dairwueh. The participles are formed from the form diral, which also is the infinitive.
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