Sargaĺk: Participles and Evidentiality

NB: This is partially a draft, and may still be changed.

Sargaĺk has a system of participles. These are used both as adjectival attributes in NPs, and as complements as times. They are also required by certain auxiliaries. There are a fair share of participles, and we need to classify them to speak about them.

First, we have different voice and transitivity concerns: we have passive participles, recipient participles and subject participles. However, the subject forms differ depending on the voice and the typical transitivity of the verb. Beyond this, the participle codes for evidentiality.

Two distinctions need to be explained here: primary and non-primary relate to the sensory organ by which this knowledge has been acquired. Primary is whichever is expected for the verb or the NPs involved - a stench would be known by smelling, a sound by hearing, and most things by seeing. Non-primary then is using any other sense. "Recipient-hand" and "subject-hand" is knowledge acquired second-hand from the recipient or the subject.

As can be seen, there is some overlap between the three transitivities. The overlap is not the same in both of the tense-aspect variations. Congruence markers can cause some morphological changes as well.

Imperfect aspect or non-past tense

typical transitivity:	voice:	evidentiality:
ditransitive	active	first-hand primary	-al
		first-hand non-primary	-saŋ
		second-hand	-sur
		inferential	-sapud
	recipient	first-hand primary	-tŕ
		first-hand non-primary	-tŋ́
		second-hand	-tud
		"recipient-hand"	-təvŕ
		inferential	-təpud
	passive	first-hand	-sək
		second-hand	-səŋək
		inferential	-sənul
transitive	active	first-hand primary	-al
		first-hand non-primary	-saŋ/-tŋ́
		second-hand	-tud
		"subject-hand"	-təvŕ
		inferential	-təpud
	passive	first-hand	-sək
		second-hand	-səŋək
		inferential	-təpud
intransitive		markers as ditr. recipient

Perfect aspect and past tense

typical transitivity:	voice:	evidentiality:
ditransitive	active	first-hand primary	-jir
		first-hand non-primary	-jir(u)
		second-hand	-surem
		inferential	-sepem
	recipient	first-hand primary	-trem
		first-hand non-primary	-teŋm
		second-hand	-rem
		"recipient-hand"	-trem
		inferential	-tremud
	passive	first-hand	-səm
		second-hand	-səmək
		inferential	-səmem
transitive	active	first-hand primary	-jir
		first-hand non-primary	-jir(u)
		second-hand	-rem
		"subject-hand"	-trem
		inferential	-sepem
	passive	first-hand	-sər
		second-hand	-səmək
		inferential	-təpem
intransitive		markers as transitive passive